Affirmative & Negative Agreement

Affirmative Agreement

Sebenarnya kata so, too, dan also mempunyai arti yang sama yaitu juga, pula, pun. Tapi dalam penggunaannya terdapat perbedaan, so digunakan sebelum tobe(s) dan auxilliaries(kata bantu).

Example:

1. My wife will talk to him and so will I
2. My wife has talked about it, and so have I
3. My wife talked about it, and so did I
4. My wife is talking about it, and so am I

Sedangkan too dan also digunakan setelah tobe(s) dan auxilliaries.

Example:

1. My wife will talk to him and I will too
2. My wife has talked about it, and I have too
3. My wife talked about it, and I did also
4. My wife is talking about it, and I am also

~When indicating that one person or thing does something and then adding that another does the same, use the word “so” or “too”. To avoid needless repetition of words from the affirmative statement, use the conjunction “and”, followed by a simple statement using so or too. The order of this statement will depend on whether so or too is used.

1. When a form of the verb be is used in the main clause, the same tense of verb be is used in the simple statement that follows.
2. Affirmative statement (be) + and + [ S + verb (be) + too]

 Example: I am happy and you are too.

Affirmative statement (be) + and + [ so + verb (be) + S  

Example: I am happy and so are you.

~When a compound verb (auxiliary +verb), for example, will go, should do, has done, have written, must examine, etc., occurs in the main clause, the auxiliary of the main verb is used in the simple statement, and the subject and verb must agree.

Affirmative statement (compound verb) + and + [ S + auxiliary only + too ]

Example: Edward should do his homework and Bella should too.

Affirmative statement (compound verb) + and + [ so + auxiliary only+S ]

Example: Edward should do his homework and so does Bella.

~When any verb except be appears without any auxiliaries in the main clause, the auxiliary do, does, or did is used in the simple statement. The subject and verb must agree and the tense must be the same.

Affirmative statement (single verb except be) + and + [ S + do, does ,or did + too ]

Example: Jackson plays guitar every day and Jessica does too.

Affirmative statement (single verb except be) + and + [ so + do, does, or did + S ]

Example:

1. Mark sung “moments” and so did Kevin.
2. We want to buy a fountain, and she does too.
3. My mother likes traveling, and so do their mother.
4. My brother invites him to the party, and my sister does too.
5. They wrote a good poem, and so did he.
6. Fred cooked fried rice for his breakfast, and Tina did too.

Additional Examples: 

1. Rose likes to fly, and her brother does too.
2. They will leave at noon, and I will too.
3. He has an early appointment, and so do I.
4. She has already written her composition, and so have her friends.
5. Their plane is arriving at nine o’clock, and so is mine.
6. I should go grocery shopping this afternoon, and so should my neighbor.
7. We like to swim in the pool, and they do too.
8. Our Spanish teacher loves to travel, and so do we.
9. He has lived in Mexico for five years, and you have too.
10. I must write them a letter, and she must too.

Negative Agreement

Hampir sama dengan penjelasan affirmative agreement di atas, neither dan either memiliki arti yang sama yaitu: tidak keduanya, atau kedua-duanya tidak.

Untuk neither digunakan sebelum auxilliary verb, for example:

1. My roommate won’t go, and neither will I
2. My roommate hasn’t gone, and neither have I
3. My roommate doesn’t go, and neither do I
4. My roommate isn’t going, and neither am I

Dan untuk either digunakan setelah auxilliary verb dan kata “not”, for example:

1. My roommate won’t go, and I won’t(will not) either
2. My roommate hasn’t gone, and I haven’t either
3. My roommate doesn’t go, and I don’t either
4. My roommate isn’t going, and I am not either

Hal lain yang harus diperhatikan yaitu untuk pemakaian tobe dan auxilliaries setelah kata “..and..” harus sesuai dengan tobe dan auxilliaries yang digunakan di awal kalimat, seperti :

1. My wife is talking about it, and so am I
2. My wife has talked about it, and I have too
3. My roommate won’t go, and neither will I
4. My roommate doesn’t go, and I don’t either

Contoh kalimat lainnya:

1. The manager isn’t too happy with the project, and neither is his assistant.
2. We can’t study in the library, and he can’t either.
3. You didn’t pay the taxes, and they didn’t either.
4. My brother won’t accept my father’s decision, and my sister won’t either.
5. He doesn’t know the answer, and neither does she.

“Either” and “neither” function in simple statements much like “so” and “too” in affirmative sentences. However, either and neither are used to indicate negative agreement. The same rules for auxiliaries, be and do, does, or did apply.

 Negative statement + and + [ S + negative auxiliary or be + either]

 Negative statement + and + [ neither + positive auxiliary or be + S ]

 Examples:

 I didn’t see Bella this morning. Edward didn’t see Bella this morning

 I didn’t see Bella this morning and Edward didn’t either.

 I didn’t see Bella this morning and neither did Edward.

 Additional examples:

1.  The children shouldn’t take that medicine, and neither should she.
2. We don’t plan to attend the concert, and neither do they.
3. I don’t like tennis, and he doesn’t either.
4. She didn’t see anyone she knew, and neither did Tim.
5. The Yankees couldn’t play due to the bad weather, and neither could the Angels.
6. Mary can’t type well, and her sister can’t either
7. I’m not interested in reading that book, and neither is she.
8. They won’t have to work on weekends, and we won’t either.
9. I can’t stand listening to that music, and she can’t either.
10. Michael doesn’t speak English, and his family doesn’t either.
11. That scientist isn’t too happy with the project, and neither are her supervisors.
12. We can’t study in the library, and they can’t either.
13. I haven’t worked there long, and neither have you.
14. You didn’t pay the rent, and she didn’t either.
15. They didn’t want anything to drink, and neither did we.
16. John shouldn’t run so fast, and neither should you.
17. The students won’t accept the dean’s decision, and the faculty won’t either.
18. Your class hasn’t begun yet, and neither has mine.
19. She couldn’t attend the lecture, and her sister couldn’t either.
20. He didn’t know the answer, and neither did I

Sumber:

http://hikmawandiny.blogspot.com/2014/01/affirmative-and-negative-agreement.htm

http://fnflife.blogspot.com/2010/07/affirmative-negative-aggrement.html

http://ratnatriutamii.blogspot.com/2014/03/affirmative-negative-agreement.html

Verb as Complement

Verb as Complement adalah kata kerja pelengkap , pelengkap kata kerja adalah kata atau frase yang melengkapi kata dari subyek,obyek, atau kat kerja .Seperti, misalnya saya akan berusaha (1) untuk bekerja keras (2), kawan saya memutuskan (1) untuk menikah (2) bulan depan, adikku berhenti (1)menangis (2) ketika ibu datang, saya tak tahan (1)untuk jatuh cinta (2) denganmu, dll.

PENGERTIAN GERUND

Gerund adalah suatu kata yang dibentuk dari verb dengan ditambahkan suffix -ingdan berfungsi sebagai noun. Walaupun berfungsi sebagai noun namun masih bertingkah seperti verb jika berada di dalam frasanya (gerund phrase), seperti: diikuti direct object jika gerund berasal dari transitive verb atau dibatasi maknanya dengan adverb.

Kata ini merupakan verbal, yaitu suatu kata yang dibentuk dari kata kerja, namun berfungsi sebagai part of speech lain. Verbal yang lain yaitu infinitive dan participle. Seperti verbal lainnya, kata ini lebih umum untuk menamai action (aksi) atau state of being (keadaan).

Contoh Gerund: Swimming, walking, playing, building

Berikut adalah verbs yang langsung diikuti oleh gerund (Verb + Gerund).

Note:

1. Verbs pada baris pertama selalu diikuti oleh gerund (tidak pernah diikuti oleh infinitives).Can’t help di sini berarti “not able to avoid a situation, or stop something from happening “.
2. Verbs pada baris kedua selain diikuti oleh gerund juga dapat diikuti oleh infinitive dengan makna sama dengan bentuk gerund-nya. (Lihat contohnya pada infinitive).
3. Verbs pada baris ketiga juga dapat diikuti oleh infinitive, tetapi maknanya berbeda dengan bentuk gerund-nya.  Lihat contah  8, 9 & 10 dan bandingkan perbedaan maknanya dengan contoh pada infinitive).

Contoh:

1. Has Ryan admitted killing eleven people yet? (Apakah Ryan telah mengakui membunuh 11 orang?).
2. I appreciated being given suggestions by her. (Saya menghargai diberi saran-saran oleh dia).
3. Tony always avoids answering my questions. (Tony selalu menghindar menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan saya).
4. I enjoyed being with you last night. (Saya menikmati bersama dengan kamu tadi malam).
5. Have you finished reading the book yet? (Apakah kamu telah selesai membaca buku itu?)
6. They prefer playing football to studying. (Mereka lebih milih/suka main sepakbola daripada belajar). Note: Verb prefer jika diikuti oleh gerund, pola kalimatnya berbeda dengan jika diikuti oleh invinitive.
7. I can’t help worrying about the upcoming exam. (Saya tidak bisa berhenti mengkhawatirkan ujian yang segera/sudah dekat itu).
8. I want to stop smoking. (Saya mau berhenti merokok). Dalam kalimat ini, subject I berkeinginan untuk tidak merokok-merokok lagi.
9. My brother always remembers locking his car. (Kakak saya selalu ingat mengunci mobilnya). Selama ini, mobilnya belum pernah dalam keadaan tidak terkunci. Note: Gunakan gerund setelah verb remember jika aktivitasnya sudah dilakukan in the past.
10. My brother never forgets locking his car. (Kakak saya tidak pernah lupa mengunci mobilnya). Sama dengan contoh 7, selama ini, mobilnya belum pernah dalam keadaan tidak terkunci. Note: Gunakan gerund setelah verb forget jika aktivitasnya sudah dilakukan in the past.

Setelah prepositions

Sebelum diikuti oleh gerunds, prepositions (kata depan) biasanya mengikuti verbs, adjectives, atau nouns. Perhatikan pola berikut:

Verbs + prepositions + gerunds

Phrase pada table berikut adalah verbs + prepositions yang selalu diikuti oleh gerund (tidak pernah diikuti oleh infinitive.)

Note:

Walaupun diikuti oleh preposition to, phrase pada baris kedua selalu diikuti oleh gerund. So, jangan dibingungkan dengan infinitive.

Contoh:

1. He gave up smoking because of his doctor’s advice. (Dia berhenti merokok karena saran dokternya).
2. Jenny insisted on buying that cellphone instead of this one. (Jenny bersikeras untuk membeli HP itu daripada HP ini).
3. Have you ever thought of studying abroad? (Pernahkah kamu berfikir untuk belajar di luar negeri?)
4. After a long trial and error, he finally succeeded in fixing his laptop. (Setelah lama mencoba-coba, dia akhirnya berhasil memperbaiki laptopnya).
5. My older sister objected to not being allowed to go out wit her friends. (Kakak saya keberatan tidak diijinkan keluar rumah dengan teman-temannya).
6. I am looking forward to seeing you soon. (Saya (sedang) sangat menantikan untuk bertemu denganmu segera). INCORRECT jika: I am looking forward to see you soon.
7. No one has confessed to stealing my money yet. (Tak seorang pun yang telah mengaku mencuri uang saya). INCORRECT jika: No one has confessed to steal my money yet.

Adjectives + prepositions + gerunds

Phrase pada table berikut adalah adjectives + prepositions yang selalu diikuti oleh gerund (tidak pernah diikuti oleh infinitive.)

Contoh:

1. Will you be capable of finishing your work by noon tomorrow? (Apakah kamu (akan) bisa menyelesaikan pekerjaanmu sebelum jam 12 siang besok?).
2. Are you afraid of sleeping in the dark? (Apakah kamu takut tidur dalam keadaan gelap?).
3. I am tired of studying all day long. Let’s go out to have fun. (Saya lelah (karena) belajar seharian. Ayo kita cari kesenangan di luar).
4. Judith is fond of singing while taking a shower. (Judith gemar menyanyi ketika sedang mandi shower).
5. Bobby is accustomed to buying roses for his girlfriend. (Bobby terbiasa membeli mawar untuk pacarnya).

Nouns + prepositions + gerunds

Phrase pada table berikut adalah nouns + prepositions yang selalu diikuti oleh gerund (tidak pernah diikuti oleh infinitive.)

Contoh:

1. The teacher gave us a choice of taking another exam. (Guru itu memberi kita pilihan untuk mengikuti ujian lagi).
2. I am so sorry. I had no intention of hurting your feeling. (Saya sangat menyesal. Saya tidak punya maksud untuk menyakiti hatimu).
3. He always has an excuse for being late. (Dia selalu punya alasan kenapa (dia) telat).
4. There is no possibility of recruiting new employees during recession we are facing now. (Tidak ada kemungkinan untuk merekrut pegawai baru selama resesi yang sedang kita hadapi sekarang).
5. Have you found the best method for improving your English yet? (Apakah kamu sudah menemukan metode terbaik untuk meningkatkan (kemampuan) bahasa Inggris kamu?)
6. Your reason for getting bad grades is a big nonsense. (Alasan kamu kenapa nilai-nilai kamu jelek adalah omong kosong/bualan belaka).

Gerunds as Modifiers

Sering kita temukan kalimat yang menggunakan modifier berupa clause (i.e. prepositions + S + V). Jika subject dari main clause dan modifier tersebut sama, subject dari modifier tersebut dapat dihilangkan, tetapi verbnya berubah menjadi gerund.

Contoh:

1. After doing the homework, I will play football. = After I do my homework, I will play football.
2. Cats usually snore while sleeping. = Cats usually snore while they ( the cats) are sleeping.
3. I had had a very bad English before reading these articles. = I had had very bad English before I read these articles.
4. Besides watching movies, I like reading novels. = Besides I like watching movies, I like reading novels.
5. Because of not studying well, I didn’t pass the test. = Because I didn’t study well, I didn’t pass the test. Note: Penggunaan because of dan because adalah berbeda. Can you see the difference?

Penggunaan (pronoun/noun) sebelum gerunds

Pada pola-pola di atas, sebelum gerund  juga dapat disisipi pronoun dalam bentuk possessive adjectives (i.e. my, your, his, her, its, their, our) atau oleh noun dalam bentuk possessive (i.e. noun+’s, misalnya:  John’s, Rini’s, Indonesia’s, ect).

Note: 

Perhatikan perbedaan pronoun yang digunakan pada infinitive.

Contoh:

1. We are looking forward to your coming next week. (Kami sangat menantikan kedatanganmu minggu depan).
2. My father doesn’t approve of my brother’s marrying her. (Ayah saya tidak menyetujui kakak saya mengawini dia).
3. They resented the teacher’s not announcing the exam sooner. (Mereka menyesalkan pak guru yang tidak mengumumkan ujian lebih awal).
4. He objected to my calling his girlfriend last night. (Dia keberatan atas telpon yang saya lakukan ke pacarnya tadi malam).
5. We all regret Danny’s not going to school anymore. (Kita semua menyesalkan Danny yang tidak sekolah lagi).
6. Before my sister’s leaving for Bali next week, my parents are going to have a small gathering at home this weekend. (Sebelum saudara perempuan saya berangkat ke Bali minggu depan, orang tua saya akan mengadakan acara ngumpul di rumah akhir pekan ini).
7. After his confessing to using drugs, Maria didn’t want to see him again. (Setelah dia mengaku menggunakan narkoba, Maria tidak ingin bertemu  dia lagi).

Negative form Gerunds Bentuk negative gerunds dibuat dengan dengan menempatkan adverbNOT di depan gerund tersebut.

1. She regretted not seeing her boyfriend last weekend.(Dia menyesal tidak bertemu pacarnya akhir pekan lalu).
2. Students are usually worried of not getting good grades. (Murid biasanya cemas tidak akan mendapatkan nilai bagus).
3. The criminal insisted on not telling the truth even though the policemen had tortured him. (Penjahat itu bersikeras tidak menceritakan yang sebenarnya walaupun polisi telah menyiksanya).

Soal

1. He allowed me use / to use / using his car.
2. I don’t mind have / to have / having a roommate.
3. I was getting sleepy, so I had my friend drive / to drive / driving the car.
4. We noticed Professor Chang to eat / eating / eaten dinner with some friends.
5. Would you please remind me call / to call / calling Barbo tomorrow.
6. Romy advised finish / to finish / finishing this test carefully.
7. Someone advised him finish / to finish / finishing this test carefully.
8. She likes to have the house clean / to clean / cleaned everyday.
9. The boy was seen climb / to climb / climbing up a tree.
10. We saw the poor boy beat / to beat / beaten black and blue.
11. You had better do / to do / done your work at once.
12. I can’t imagine such an old man climb / to climb / climbing the mountain.
13. Maria has been appointed as secretary / secretary / to be secretary.
14. The thief was heard jump / to jump / jumped off the wall.
15. Who / What / Which have they named their son?
16. The teacher wants this test finish / to finish / finished in not more than one hour.
17. The boy washed his shirts clean / cleanly / cleaned.
18. The students should be made come / to come / coming on time.
19. Have you heard English speak / to speak / spoken in your village.
20. I asked my roommate let / to let / letting me use / to use / used his shoe polish.

Referensi :

https://mangantar.wordpress.com/2012/06/27/verbs-as-complement/

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-penggunaan-contoh-kalimat-gerunds

kallamanggala.blogspot.com/2013/08/gerunds.html

http://satrio-arie.blogspot.com/2014/03/gerund-verb-preposition-gerund.html

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-macam-verbal-gerund-infinitive-participle

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-penggunaan-contoh-kalimat-infinitives

http://cowobungsu.blogspot.com/2012/04/strategi-20-menggali-fungsi-gerund.html

http://nikenwp.blogspot.com/

Pronouns

 Pengertian, Macam dan Contoh Kalimat Pronoun

 

PENGERTIAN PRONOUN

Pronoun adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan noun (kata benda) yang dapat berupa orang, benda, hewan, tempat, atau konsep abstrak. Kata ganti benda ini merupakan satu dari delapan part of speech.

MACAM-MACAM DAN CONTOH PRONOUN

Berikut macam-macam dan contoh kalimat pronoun beserta penjelasan singkatnya.

PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT

Pronoun-antecedent agreement merupakan persesuaian antara pronoun dengan antecedent dalam hal number, person, dan gender. Apa itu antecedent? yaitu kata, frasa, atau klausa yang digantikan olehpronoun. Agreement ini diperlukan tentunya jika ada keduanya di dalam kalimat.

Contoh:

You should take off your shoes there. [antecedent, pronoun]

EXPLETIVE PRONOUN (THERE & IT)

Expletive merupakan “empty words” atau kata-kata yang tidak menambah arti, namun berguna untuk memberi penekanan pada bagian tertentu suatu kalimat. There/it digunakan bersama verb be untuk membentuk expletive construction.

Contoh:

• There is no food in my house. (Tidak ada makanan di rumahku.)
• It was easy to meet him. (Dulu mudah bertemu dengannya.)

SEKILAS PRONOUN

Pronoun merupakan kata yang berfungsi untuk menggantikan noun berupa orang, benda, hewan, tempat, atau konsep abstrak. Macam pronoun antara lain: personal, demostrative, interrogative, relative,indefinite, reflexive, intensive, dan reciprocal pronoun.

10 SOAL PRONOUN DAN JAWABANNYA

1. Every ill cat may not be able to nurse … kittens. Answer: “Its : Every + noun merupakan singular antecedent yang membutuhkan singular pronoun.”
2. He and other patients didn’t have to change … food intake before the laboratory test. Answer: “Their : Plural antecedent (he and other patients) padanannya plural pronoun (their).”
3. Nobody came to the ceremony without money in … hand. Answer: “His or her : Nobody = singular indefinite pronoun, maka padanannya “his or her”.”
4. Someone’s been parking a car in front of my house for two days. Should I put a note on … car. Answer: “His or her : Someone = singular indefinite pronoun, maka padanannya “his or her”.”
5. A table in the restaurant has been reserved for you and … Answer: “Me : Preposition “for” membutuhkan object (me).”
6. The Italian boy has two bicycles. One is a touring bicycle, and … is a BMX. Answer: “The other : The other digunakan untuk menambahkan noun lain yang masih berada dalam satu group (singular spesific noun).”
7. Some of the students had their friends take … final examination results. Answer: “Their : Some yang diikuti oleh prepositional phrase mungkin diikuti singular atau plural pronoun, tergantung number dari object of the preposition.”
8. I’m particularly interested in Mathematical Physics. …techniques are mathematical, nevertheless … subject is physical. Answer: “Its : Karena Physics merupakan plural form noun dengan singular meaning, maka padanannya its (singular).”
9. Neither Lesti nor her classmates submitted … fellowship application this morning. Answer: “Their : Jika antecedent (Lesti, classmates) dihubungkan dengan NOR, pronoun mengikuti number dari antecedent yang terdekat (classmates).”
10. The economist … you want to interview is sitting next to our manager. Answer: “Whom : Relative clause “you want to interview” membutuhkan object pronoun “whom”.”

Referensi :

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-macam-contoh-kalimat-pronouns

http://www.wordsmile.com/contoh-soal-pronoun-dan-jawabannya

http://nikenwp.blogspot.com/2015/03/pronouns.html

Subject, Verb Agreement

PENGERTIAN SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

Subject-verb agreement adalah persesuaian antara verb (kata kerja) dengan subject kalimat dalam hal number, yaitu: singular (tunggal) atau plural (jamak). Subjek dapat berupa noun (kata benda), pronoun (kata ganti), atau konstruksi lain yang berakting sebagai noun, seperti gerund dan infinitive. Pada dasarnya, singular subject (subjek tunggal) menggunakan singular verb (kata kerja tunggal), sedangkan plural subject (subjek jamak) menggunakan plural verb (kata kerja jamak).

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT (UMUM)

Secara umum pada bentuk present tense, singular verb berupa base form (bentuk dasar) dari verbdengan ditambahkan ending (akhiran) -s. Adapun pada plural verb tanpa ditambahkan ending -s (sebaliknya, plural subject ditambahkan ending -s). Aturan kata kerja ini berlaku pula pada subjek berupathird person (orang ketiga, contoh: Ricky, Anna) dan semua personal pronoun (they, we= jamak; he, she, it= tunggal), kecuali I dan you. Walaupun berupa subjek tunggal I dan you dipasangkan dengan kata kerja bentuk jamak (tidak termasuk verb “be” (was, am) pada “I”).

Contoh Kalimat Subject-Verb Agreement [subject= bold; verb= italic]:

 

Namun jika ada helping verb, maka helping verb-nya yang berubah sedangkan main verb dalam bentuk dasar (base form verb). Pilihan helping verb dalam bentuk tunggal-jamak-nya adalah is-are, does-do, dan has-have. Khusus untuk has-have, agreement tidak berlaku jika kata tersebut merupakan second helping verb atau digunakan dibelakang helping verb lainnya.

Contoh Kalimat Subject-Verb Agreement [subject= bold; verb= italic; helping verb= underline]:

Sedangkan pada past tense, tidak ada perbedaan bentuk kata kerja dalam hal number (tunggal atau jamak)  jika tidak ada helping verb, yaitu: was-were.

Contoh Kalimat Subject-Verb Agreement [subject= bold; helping verb= underline]:

 

PERMASALAHAN PADA SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

Subject-verb agreement menjadi membingungkan ketika  dihadapkan pada persoalan seperti: subjek berupa collective noun, compound subject, plural form dengan makna singular, dan indefinite pronoun. Selain itu, ada pula phrase atau clause yang menyela subjek dan kata kerja sehingga cukup dapat membingungkan didalam penentuan agreement-nya.

Berikut penjelasan dan beberapa contoh subject-verb agreement. [Subject= bold; verb, linking= italic; helping verb= underline]

Soal dan Jawaban:

1. Septina and I … baking sponge cakes at this time yesterday. Answer: “Were : Dua atau lebih subjek yang dihubungkan dengan AND menggunakan plural verb.”
2. Whether to buy or rent a house … an important financial question. Answer: “Is : Dua atau lebih singular subjek dihubungkan dengan OR menggunakan singular verb.”
3. … Tika or her co-workers sleep at work. Answer: “Does : Verb disesuaikan dengan compound subjek (menggunakan OR) yang terdekat posisinya dengannya, apakah singular atau plural.”
4. Physics … been my favorite subject since I was 15 years old. Answer: “Has : Cabang keilmuan dengan ending -ics bermakna singular sehingga diikuti singular verb.”
5. Mumps usually … through saliva. Answer: “Spreads : Nama penyakit dengan ending -s seperti measles atau mumps bermakna singular sehingga menggunakan singular verb.”
6. My shears … sharp enough. Answer: “Aren’t:  Subject berupa benda dengan dua bagian pada satu kesatuan membutuhkan plural verb.”
7. Eighty percentage of his furniture … old. Answer: “Is : Noun setelah “… percentage of” (fractional expression) menentukan apakah diikuti oleh singular atau plural verb.”
8. There … many ways to say “thank you”. Answer: “Are : There bukan subject. Subject muncul seteah verb to be, yaitu: ways. Verb to be disesuaikan dengan subject, apakah singular atau plural.”
9. One of her cats … like tuna. Answer: “Doesn’t : Verb disesuaikan dengan subject (one), bukan prepositional phrase diantaranya.”
10. The central office manager, along with his two assistant, … left the room. Answer: “Has :  “along with” digunakan bersama subjek tanpa menambah jumlah.”

Referensi :

diah_aw.staff.gunadarma.ac.id/Downloads/files/16179/Subject+Verb+Agreement.ppt

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-contoh-kalimat-subject-verb-agreement

http://www.wordsmile.com/contoh-soal-subject-verb-agreement-jawabannya

http://nikenwp.blogspot.com/2015/03/subject-verb-agreement.html

Verb Phrase and Tenses

Pengertian Verb Phrase

Verb phrase berdasarkan traditional grammar adalah kelompok kata berupa main verb dan auxiliary verb-nya, sedangkan berdasarkan generative grammar adalah predicate — main verb beserta seluruh elemen yang melengkapinya: auxiliary verb, complement, dan/atau modifier, kecuali subjek kalimat.

Keterangan:

• Complement (objek kalimat)  dibutuhkan jika kata kerja utama berupa transitive verb.
• Modifier dapat berupa adjective, adverb, atau konstruksi lain yang berfungsi seperti salah satu dari part of speech tersebut.

Verb Phrase: Traditional vs Generative Grammar

 

 

Keterangan:

• Complement (objek kalimat)  dibutuhkan jika kata kerja utama berupa transitive verb.
• Modifier dapat berupa adjective, adverb, atau konstruksi lain yang berfungsi seperti salah satu dari part of speech tersebut.

Verb Phrase: Traditional vs Generative Grammar

 

LEBIH BANYAK CONTOH VERB PHRASE

 

Contoh-contoh verb phrase berikut berdasarkan  traditional grammar.

Keterangan: Verb phrase = bold.

Contoh soal Verb Phrase dan Jawabannya

1. Tika and I are going to visit our college friend tomorrow. (Are going to visit)
2. I have not met him yet. (Have met) Nb: not (adverb) bukan bagian verb phrase
3. He won’t have been sleeping long when you pick him up. (Will have been sleeping)
4. She is walking down the hill now. (Is walking) Nb: verb phrase berupa present continuous tense (auxiliary verb “be” + present participle)
5. You should often clean your cats’ bowl. (Should clean). Nb: often (adverb of frequency) bukan bagian dari verb phrase
6. Julia doesn’t hate working on saturdays. (Does hate) Nb: working (gerund) bukan bagian dari verb phrase

 

PENGERTIAN TENSES

Tenses adalah bentuk kata kerja dalam bahasa Inggris untuk menunjukkan waktu (sekarang, masa depan, atau masa lalu) terjadinya suatu perbuatan atau peristiwa. Di Indonesia dikenal 16 macam tensesbahasa Inggris.

MACAM-MACAM, PENGGUNAAN, RUMUS DAN CONTOH KALIMAT TENSES

Berikut macam-macam, penggunaan, rumus dan contoh 16 macam tenses bahasa Inggris

Catatan:

Rumus pada tabel di atas merupakan rumus umum. Beberapa tense seperti simple present tense dan simple future tense memiliki opsi rumus lain yang dijelaskan lebih detail di halaman masing-masing.

Soal simple present tenses dan jawabannya

1. Does your child … to eat all the time? Answer: “Want : Kata kerja yang digunakan pada interrogative sentence simple present tense merupakan bare infinitive (bentuk dasar verb).”
2. I do … the funeral. Answer: Attend :  “Auxiliary verb “do” diikuti bare infinitive.”
3. The black and white cat … a long tail. Answer: “Has : Subjek kalimatnya “black and white cat” (kucing belang hitam-putih ~ singular subject), maka diikuti singular verb.”
4. Suzy and I … tall and skinny. Answer: Are : “Suzy and I” merupakan plural subject, maka diikuti plural verb.”
5. It … most of the time. Answer: Happens : “It” merupakan singular subject, maka diikuti singular verb.”

Referensi :

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-contoh-kalimat-verb-phrase

http://www.wordsmile.com/contoh-soal-verb-phrase-jawabannya

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-contoh-kalimat-16-tenses-inggris

http://www.wordsmile.com/contoh-soal-simple-present-tense-jawabannya

http://nikenwp.blogspot.com/2015/03/verb-phrase-and-tenses.html

Subject, Verb, Complement and Modifie

Subject 

The Subject is the agent of the sentence in the active Voice. Subject is the person or thing that does the action of the sentence, and subject normally precedes the verb.
Note: Every sentence in English must have a Subject
e.g.

• Coffee is delicious
• Milk contains calcium

The subject may be a noun phrase. A noun phrase is a group of words ending with a noun. (it CANNOT begin with a preposition).
e.g.

• The book is on the table
• That new red car is John’s

In some sentences there is not a true subject. However it and there can often act as pseudo-subjects and should be considered as subjects.
e.g.

• It is a nice day today
• There was a fire in that building last month

Verb
The Verb follows the subject, it generally shows the action
of the sentence.
Note: Every sentence must have a verb
e.g.

• John drives too fast
• They hate spinach

The verb may be a verb phrase. A verb Phrase consists of one or more auxiliaries and one main
verb. The auxiliaries always precede the main verb.
e.g.

• John is going to Miami tomorrow (auxiliary is; main verb going)
• Jane has been reading that book (auxiliary has, been; main verb reading)

Complement
A complement completes the verb. It is similar to the subject because it is usually a noun or noun phrase, However, it generally follows the verb when the sentence is in the active voice.
Note:Every sentence does not require a complement.
The complement CANNOT begin with a preposition.
e.g.

• He was smoking a cigarette
• John bought a cake yesterday

Modifier
Modifier tells the time, place or manner of the action. Very often it is a prepositional Phrase. Prepositional Phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun.
Note: A modifier of time usually comes last if more than one modifier is present.
e.g.

• of prepositional phrases
• in the morning, at the university, on the table

A modifier can also be an adverb or an adverbial phrase: Last night, hurriedly, next year, outdoors, yesterday
e.g.

• John bought a book at the bookstore (modifier of place)
• Jill was swimming in the pool yesterday (modifier of place and modifier of time)

Note:
The modifier normally follows the complement, but not always. However, the modifier, especially when it is a prepositional phrase, usually cannot separate the verb and the complement.
e.g.

• She drove the car on the street (verb and complement)

Exercise 1
Identify the subject, verb, complement and modifier in each of the following sentence. Remember that not every sentence has a complement or modifier.
Example: 
Jill / is buying / a new hat / in the store
(subject) (verb phrase) (complement) (modifier of place)

1. George is cooking dinner tonight
2. Henry and Marcia have visited the president
3. We eat lunch in this restaurant today
4. Pat should have bought gasoline yesterday
5. Trees grow
6. It was raining at seven o’clock this morning
7. She opened her book
8. Harry is washing dishes right now
9. She opened her book
10. Paul, William, and Marry were watching television a few minutes ago.

Answer:
1. George/ is cooking/ dinner /tonight
(subject) (verb phrase) (complement) (modifier of time)
2. Henry and Marcia/ have visited/ the president
(subject) (verb phrase) (complement)
3. We /eat/ lunch /in this restaurant /today
(subject) (verb phrase) (complement) (modifier of place)(modifier of time)
4. Pat /should have bought /gasoline /yesterday
(subject) (verb phrase) (complement) (modifier of time)
5. Trees /grows
(subject) (verb phrase)
6. It/ was raining /at seven o’clock this morning
(subject) (verb phrase) (modifier of time)
7. She /opened /her book
(subject) (verb phrase) (complement)
8. Harry /is washing /dishes /right now
(subject) (verb phrase) (complement) (modifier of time)
9. She /opened /her book
(subject) (verb phrase) (complement)
10. Paul, William, and Marry/ were watching /television /a few minutes ago
(subject) (verb phrase) (complement) (modifier of time)

Referensi :
diah_aw.staff.gunadarma.ac.id
http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb
http://yebeblog.blogspot.com/2009/12/subject-verb-complement-modifier.html
http://adirahmsarche.blogspot.com/2014/03/subject-verb-complement-modifier-and.html
http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-contoh-kalimat-subject-verb-complement
http://nikenwp.blogspot.com/2015/03/subject-verb-complement-and-modifier.html